Este artículo analiza el fenómeno de los populismos y su relación con la participación ciudadana desde un punto de vista crítico. Se destaca que con el uso del lenguaje se generan afinidades entre conceptos, como el de populismo y una mayor participación por parte de los ciudadanos, cuando, paradójicamente, suele producirse el fenómeno contrario, a saber, una o varias personas, en muchos casos autoproclamadas como la voz del pueblo, son las que determinan el porvenir de los ciudadanos, amparándose, precisamente, en (...) una suerte de legitimación popular que es, cuando menos, discutible. Por ello se da una contradicción no aparente entre populismo y participación ciudadana ya que se excluye de las decisiones políticas a los ciudadanos en aras de una aparente mayor capacidad de decisión del pueblo. (shrink)

El presente artículo plantea, partiendo de las vivencias de padres oyentes ante la llegada de un hijo sordo a partir de sus narraciones y experiencias de vida, por un lado, la comprensión de las etapas por las que atraviesan desde el momento en que se sospecha la existencia de la discapacidad de su hijo, hasta el momento en que es confirmada y asumida; por otro lado, describir los cambios que se producen al interior de la dinámica familiar ante la llegada (...) de un hijo en situación de discapacidad auditiva. (shrink)

RESUMEN: El derecho a la participación política se encuentra en el artículo 21 de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos como un derecho humano. Este derecho ha seguido un desarrollo a nivel internacional desde una perspectiva global, así como continental, por lo que se analiza su evolución en los últimos 70 años y el impacto que ha tenido dentro del desarrollo del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos. Por último se subraya el carácter fundamental del derecho a participar así como (...) una proyección de su desarrollo en el futuro.ABSTRACT: The right to political participation is found in article 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a human right. This right has followed an international development from a global as well as a continental perspective, so its evolution over the last 70 years and the impact it has had on the development of the International Law of Human Rights is analyzed. Finally, the fundamental character of the right to participate is stressed, as well as a projection of its.PALABRAS CLAVE: derechos humanos, participación política, democracia, ciudadanía, derechos.KEYWORDS: human rights, political participation, democracy, citizenship, rights. (shrink)

Saint Thomas Aquinas establishes why is it that logic is the directive art of the act of reason and why is it convenient to divide it in correspondence with the operations of the intelect. Thus, the Posterior Analytics are related with the act of reason which goes from one thing which is known to other thing that is unknown. By analogy with the process of necessity of nature, in which she can not fail, Aquinas explains that truth can not fail (...) in the demonstrative syllogism, which has the certainty of science, and that this act of reason is founded in the Posterior Analytics. The rest of saint Thomas Aquinas' exposition focuses on determining to which books of logic does each act or process of reason corresponds. (shrink)

Saint Thomas Aquinas explains that, according to the method followed by the Philosopher in metaphysics, it is convenient in science to treat first the determinations in the most common and general fashion in order to attend later to what is proper to each species. And it is in these sense that, according to Aquinas, the De Anima studies the most general and common affairs of the animated realities in order to treat later, in other books, about what is proper of (...) the animated in particular. (shrink)

Saint Thomas Aquinas explains how is it that certain animals seem to possess prudence in some degree, according to Aristotle, thanks to the memory that they have, because it allows them to consider past facts besides the present ones. Thus, De Memoria et Reminiscentia treats about memory, which is common to man and perfect animals, and reminiscence, which is proper to man.

Saint Thomas Aquinas explains that in the science of mobiles, when descending to the living, each one of the species of the animals and plants are attended specifying what is proper to each of them, and here is where De Sensu et Sensato is found. Aquinas enumerates the diverse types of living beings according to the parts of soul and enlists the books that have a relation with them, deducing that De Sensu et Sensato corresponds to the exterior act that (...) occurs when feeling. (shrink)

Saint Thomas Aquinas commences his study distinguishing the types of order that exist and with these he determines that moral philosophy studies, on one hand, the order of voluntary acts and, on the other hand, the human acts as ordered together and as orderd towards an end. The social character of the human being and the type of help he gives and receives in the order of the whole and the part is attended, and this leads to Aquinas dividing moral (...) philosophy in three parts: the monastic, which orders the acts towards an end; the economic, which orders the acts of the domestic multitude; and the politic, which orders the acts of the civil multitude. (shrink)

Saint Thomas Aquinas explains how is it that there must be among sciences one which is the most perfect and orders all of them, and that may be therefore trully called wisdom. This science has for its object the common entity and studies simultaneously the first causes, the most universal principles and the separated substances. Aquinas sustains that this science receives three different names: theology or divine science, for it treats separated substances; metaphysics, for it studies the entity and the (...) transphysical things that follow it; and first philosophy, for it studies the first causes of things. (shrink)

Saint Thomas Aquinas distinguishes three operations of the intelect and explains that the one which treats about composition and divition, or the affirmative and negative sentence, belongs to the book Peri Hermeneias. Thus, Aquinas proceeds to comment why the verb, the name and the statement are interpretations or voices with meaning and why this book focuses on the enuntiative sentence for the truth and the false are found in it.

By the notion of imitation, Saint Thomas Aquinas distinguishes between the cognoscitive approach towards nature and the productive approach towards art. From these relation arises the possibility of reason ordering the multitude of men who conform a community. Thus, Saint Thomas Aquinas explains how is it that the city is the most important whole that reason can know and produce directing it towards an end. Aquinas continues annotating that politics belong to the genre of practical and moral sciences, not mechanical (...) or productive, and that in these genre it is the most worthy and perfect science of them all. (shrink)

En este artículo describiremos la vitalidad del sistema fonológico del mapudungun hablado por escolares pewenches de la Provincia del Biobío, VIII Región. Específicamente, nos hemos propuesto: a) Determinar los fonos/fonemas, y su fonotaxis, que se relevan como indicadores de vitalidad, b) Identificar las transferencias fonético-fonológicas presentes en la fonología del pewenche hablado por estos escolares y c) Interpretar las transferencias encontradas en términos del grado de vitalidad de la fonología de la lengua. La muestra está conformada por un grupo de (...) 20 escolares bilingües de entre 12 y 15 años de edad, que se encuentran cursando 7° y 8° año básico en escuelas rurales pertenecientes a dos comunidades pewenches del valle del Queuco, en la comuna de Alto Biobío. Para la recolección del material fonológico, se aplicó a los participantes una lista léxica de 65 ítems, material que se complementó con la narración oral en mapudungun de un cuento. Según nuestros datos, hemos podido constatar la existencia de una serie de rasgos fónicos en el mapudungun hablado por los escolares pewenches que obedece a la influencia de las estructuras fonológicas del castellano. Sin embargo, el grado y la difusión de los fenómenos de transferencia se desarrollan de manera heterogénea en ambas comunidades en estudio, debido, entre otros factores, a la intensidad del contacto. In this article we will describe the vitality of the phonological system Mapudungun spoken by Pewenche schoolchildren from the Biobío province, VIII Region. We intend: a) To determine the phones/phonemes, and their phonotactics, which are revealed as vitality markers. b) To identify the phonetic-phonological transferences which are present in the Pewenche spoken by these schoolchildren, and, c) To interpret the transferences found in terms of the degree of the language phonological vitality. The sample is composed of 20 bilingual schoolchildren from 12 to 15 years old, who are in 7th and 8th grade in rural primary schools belonging to two Pehuenche comunities from Valle del Queuco, in the city of Alto Biobío. To collect the phonological material, we applied a 64-item lexical list, which was complemented with the oral narration of a tale in Mapudungun. According to our data, we have been able to verify the existence of a series of phonic features in the Mapudungun spoken by Pewenche schoolchildren, which originate because of the influence of the Spanish phonological structure. However, the degree and spread of the transference phenomena develop in a heterogeneous way in both of the studied communities. due to the contact intensity, among other possible factors. (shrink)

Since at least Hume and Kant, philosophers working on the nature of aesthetic judgment have generally agreed that common sense does not treat aesthetic judgments in the same way as typical expressions of subjective preferences—rather, it endows them with intersubjective validity, the property of being right or wrong regardless of disagreement. Moreover, this apparent intersubjective validity has been taken to constitute one of the main explananda for philosophical accounts of aesthetic judgment. But is it really the case that most people (...) spontaneously treat aesthetic judgments as having intersubjective validity? In this paper, we report the results of a cross‐cultural study with over 2,000 respondents spanning 19 countries. Despite significant geographical variations, these results suggest that most people do not treat their own aesthetic judgments as having intersubjective validity. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for theories of aesthetic judgment and the purpose of aesthetics in general. (shrink)

The author studies the theory of "first principles" at Leonardo Polo's philosophy (at the book El conocimiento habitual de los primeros principios) and Aristotle thought. He critics Polo's theory of first principles in using aristotelian concepts from Metafísica, III, IV and IX.

The enthymeme is essential because it reflects what humans do when they think. It provides an effective pedagogical approach to the analysis and synthesis of ideas in the classroom. In this volume, such an approach is applied to various areas of content for the purpose of helping students prepare themselves for the challenges of modern life.

Does the Ship of Theseus present a genuine puzzle about persistence due to conflicting intuitions based on “continuity of form” and “continuity of matter” pulling in opposite directions? Philosophers are divided. Some claim that it presents a genuine puzzle but disagree over whether there is a solution. Others claim that there is no puzzle at all since the case has an obvious solution. To assess these proposals, we conducted a cross-cultural study involving nearly 3,000 people across twenty-two countries, speaking eighteen (...) different languages. Our results speak against the proposal that there is no puzzle at all and against the proposal that there is a puzzle but one that has no solution. Our results suggest that there are two criteria—“continuity of form” and “continuity of matter”— that constitute our concept of persistence and these two criteria receive different weightings in settling matters concerning persistence. (shrink)

Considers whether psychology can be established as a scientific discipline, briefly looks at the history of psychology, and attempts to clarify the nature of truth.

This paper has two main objectives. The first one is to reflect on the validity of data in analysis and projections that underpin the engineering asset management of organizations, considering, on the one hand, a certain resistance or even inadequate use of data and information of a subjective nature and; on the other hand, a consolidated reliance on quantitative approaches and decisions based on data series. The second objective is to contextualize the applicability of combining qualitative data based on experts’ (...) experience and on the tacit knowledge built in organizations, with approaches based essentially on quantitative data, according to the data availability and the decision scenario over the asset life cycle. We present two application of an approach combining quali and quanti data. One example interrelates Statistics with Psychology and the other combines elicitated data about asset indicators with parameters deterministically calculated. Both applications aiming at providing more realistic indicators and supporting the Asset Management process to make more assertive decisions. (shrink)

El presente artículo es un estudio comparativo donde se argumenta la relación disonante entre las obras de Schmitt y Benjamin sobre la estética barroca. Se defiende que la diferencia entre ambos consiste en su concepción de lo político. Para Benjamin, son dos los aspectos fundamentales del Trauerspiel alemán: 1) la diferencia entre drama barroco y tragedia clásica y 2) el recurso a la alegoría como técnica de expresión. Schmitt, por su parte, encuentra lo singular del drama barroco en la irrupción (...) del tiempo histórico-político dentro de la forma estética. Para el crítico berlinés, lo alegórico debe estudiarse desde la filosofía de la historia, mientras que para Schmitt lo decisivo es lo político, ejecutado a través de la soberanía y la decisión. Tal es la línea argumental del presente estudio. This paper is a comparative study about the Works of Benjamin and Schmitt on the baroque art. It argues that the specific difference between them most be found in their concept of the political. For Benjamin there is a difference between tragedy and drama, the german Trauerspiel it is an allegorical approach to thingsand history. Schmitt argues that the singularity of baroque drama is the irruption of time in the plastic form. These are the points that the paper proposes. (shrink)

Philosophers have long debated whether, if determinism is true, we should hold people morally responsible for their actions since in a deterministic universe, people are arguably not the ultimate source of their actions nor could they have done otherwise if initial conditions and the laws of nature are held fixed. To reveal how non-philosophers ordinarily reason about the conditions for free will, we conducted a cross-cultural and cross-linguistic survey (N = 5,268) spanning twenty countries and sixteen languages. Overall, participants tended (...) to ascribe moral responsibility whether the perpetrator lacked sourcehood or alternate possibilities. However, for American, European, and Middle Eastern participants, being the ultimate source of one’s actions promoted perceptions of free will and control as well as ascriptions of blame and punishment. By contrast, being the source of one’s actions was not particularly salient to Asian participants. Finally, across cultures, participants exhibiting greater cognitive reflection were more likely to view free will as incompatible with causal determinism. We discuss these findings in light of documented cultural differences in the tendency toward dispositional versus situational attributions. (shrink)

Se intenta en este trabajo identificar y describir de algún modo, en caso de que exista, la contracultura digital de nuestro tiempo. Con tal propósito en mente, en primer lugar, el autor esboza sus presuposiciones con respecto la cultura, la tecnología digital, la cultura digital y la contracultura, bajo las ópticas que imponen la naturaleza de este artículo. Digital Culture and Counter-Culture: an Essay It is attempted in this work to identify and to describe somehow, in case it exists, the (...) digital counterculture of our time. With such a purpose in mind, first of all, the author sketches his presuppositions regarding culture, digital technology, digital culture and counterculture, under the optics that imposes the nature of this article. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo se efectúa un acercamiento a la narrativa cubana del período decimonónico por medio del diseño de sus personajes femeninos. Se atiende a las particularidades de la caracterización prosopográfica y etopéyica de la imago mujer, y se realiza una tentativa de tipologización, de acuerdo con los diversos matices conformadores de nuestros modelos femeninos ficcionales. En este propósito se privilegian aquellas obras y autores más importantes del período. In this paper, an approach to the Cuban narrative of nineteenth-century (...) period is carried out through the design of their female characters. The paper discusses the particularities of an ethopoeic characterization of imago women. It also attempts to realize a tentative typologization, based on the various nuances of forming our fictional female models. For this purpose, the works and major authors of the period are discussed. (shrink)

In the remainder of this article, we will disarm an important motivation for epistemic contextualism and interest-relative invariantism. We will accomplish this by presenting a stringent test of whether there is a stakes effect on ordinary knowledge ascription. Having shown that, even on a stringent way of testing, stakes fail to impact ordinary knowledge ascription, we will conclude that we should take another look at classical invariantism. Here is how we will proceed. Section 1 lays out some limitations of previous (...) research on stakes. Section 2 presents our study and concludes that there is little evidence for a substantial stakes effect. Section 3 responds to objections. The conclusion clears the way for classical invariantism. (shrink)

This article examines whether people share the Gettier intuition (viz. that someone who has a true justified belief that p may nonetheless fail to know that p) in 24 sites, located in 23 countries (counting Hong Kong as a distinct country) and across 17 languages. We also consider the possible influence of gender and personality on this intuition with a very large sample size. Finally, we examine whether the Gettier intuition varies across people as a function of their disposition to (...) engage in “reflective” thinking. (shrink)

The majority of antimicrobials that are produced are administered to animals, particularly food animals. While the overall impact of antimicrobial use in animals on antimicrobial resistance in humans and the environment is unclear, it undeniably has a role. Yet, some degree of antimicrobial use in animals is necessary for animal health and welfare purposes. Balancing the benefits and risks of antimicrobial use in animals is challenging because of the complexity of the problem and limitations in available data. However, a range (...) of measures can be implemented to reduce, refine and optimize antimicrobial use in animals, with a goal of minimizing the impact on human and environmental health while maintaining necessary therapeutic use in animals. A pandemic instrument can provide the necessary foundation for the whole-of-society and whole-of government One Health approach that is required to strengthen surveillance, communication, collaboration, and action. (shrink)

Este libro es parte de la colección e-Libro en BiblioBoard.

Las primeras imágenes cinematográficas rodadas por los estadounidenses en Cuba se remontan a la Guerra Hispano cubana norteamericana, anterior al surgimiento de Hollywood y su consolidación como industria del espectáculo. Los filmes producidos en esta etapa constituyen el preámbulo del denominado cine de propaganda política que, según el historiador Román Gubern, ha llegado hasta la actualidad y, sobre todo, develan el carácter manipulador que desde sus inicios ha tenido el lenguaje cinematográfico. Entre las décadas del `30 y `40 los filmes (...) realizados por Hollywood en la isla han proyectado una imagen exótica y estereotipada sobre la identidad cubana. No solo se ha desvirtuado nuestra memoria histórica, sino también nuestros valores identitarios, imagen que se ha extendido hasta el contexto actual.En la extensa historia del cine hollywoodense no son pocas las cintas que han abordado aspectos de nuestra historia. Independientemente de la calidad de la gran mayoría de estos filmes, no se puede minimizar su importancia en el obsesivo intento por construir una imagen creíble y veraz sobre Cuba. Aunque la gran mayoría de las cintas realizadas por cineastas estadounidenses sobre la isla se encuentran limitadas por el hecho de haberse rodado en espacios y locaciones de otras naciones con semejanzas geográficas y culturales con Cuba, dicha limitación no es sinónimo de pobreza artística. El objetivo fundamental de este ensayo radica en el análisis de la representación de la imagen e identidad de Cuba en la industria de Hollywood, a partir del estallido de la Guerra Hispano-cubana-norteamericana el 15 de febrero de 1898 hasta la administración del presidente Barack Obama, período histórico conocido como el Deshielo, porque ambas naciones decidieron restablecer relaciones diplomáticas interrumpidas en plena Guerra Fría, específicamente en 1961. (shrink)